The Health Between Indigenous And Non Indigenous Australians

The social determinants of health are described as the condition of daily living in which determines the individual’s chances of maintaining optimum health (Department of Health and Human Services 2015). In Australia, the health inequality between indigenous and non-indigenous Australians is noted by the World Health Organization (WHO) to have the largest disparity in the world (Markwick et al. 2014). Statistically, the life expectancy for indigenous Australians who are born in 2010-2012 is estimated to be 10.6 years lower when compared to non-indigenous Australians (Markwick et al. 2014). Social determinants such as employment and social exclusion may contribute to the major difference in the health status between the indigenous and non-indigenous Australians (Markwick et al. 2014). This essay will focus on discussing how having employment and social exclusion has led to the health inequalities between indigenous and non-indigenous Australians, and how indigenous healthcare n urses can address these determinants in the care they provide in the indigenous community setting. Indigenous Australians have a historical continuity of employment disadvantage when compared to non-indigenous Australians (Eckermann 2005). Historically, Aboriginal employment in Australia was based on an individual contract attempting to legalize colonial exploitation after the nationwide ban on slavery (Eckermann 2005). These contracts allow employers to employ indigenous Australians through the basisShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Racism On The Health Of Indigenous Australians911 Words   |  4 Pagesthe health of Indigenous Australians. The impacts reflect on the life expectancy and mental health of the Indigenous Australians who are then racially criticised in our health system. This paper will explore the impacts that racism in Australia has on Indigenous Australians within healthcare, the life expectancy and the mental health. The racism that goes on around Australia has a very serious impact on Indigenous Australians; this impact is the gap in the life expectancy between Indigenous andRead MoreA Brief Note On Aboriginal And Torres Strait Islander Health1590 Words   |  7 Pagesspiritual and social health. This essay analyses the impacts of the social determinants of health such as socioeconomic status, early life and psychological distress to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health which causes the wide gap in the social disadvantages experienced by the Indigenous community. According to the assessment of a Productivity Commission report, the Federal Government will fail to meet majority of its targets. In its program to close the gap in Indigenous disadvantage whichRead MoreThe Model Of Reflection ( 1988 )1665 Words   |  7 Pagespoorer health outcomes than those in the metropolitan area (Humphreys Walkerman, 2008). The fact that the high proportion of Indigenous Australians, which increases with remoteness, reflects the lag in Indigenous health outcomes (Humphreys Walkerman, 2008). Feelings I believe that everyone should have equal access to all health services they require, no matter their cultural background, or where they live. When thinking about the poor health outcomes due to the lack of access that Australians, particularlyRead MoreIndigenous Australians Experience A Much Lower Life Expectancy1326 Words   |  6 PagesIndigenous Australians experience a much lower life-expectancy than the national average, and are substantially more prone to developing diseases and long-term disability leading to a reduced quality of life. One of the most significant contributors to the ATSI population’s health and wellbeing is their geographical location, in particular, looking at their access to health services and adequate nutrition. Access to Health Services/Facilities Access to health services and facilities is one of theRead MoreHealth Inequalities Experienced By Aboriginal And Torres Strait Islander People1222 Words   |  5 PagesPotential – Health Inequities PDHPE Class 3 Tahnee Hodson - Term 3, 2015 1. Describe the health inequities experienced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australia. Health inequities describe the differences in health status or in the distribution of health resources between different population groups, ascending from the social conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age. In Australia, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders experience far more ill health thanRead MoreEssay about Indigenous Health1500 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The status of Indigenous health in contemporary Australia is a result of historic factors as well as contemporary socio-economic issues† (Hampton Toombs, 2013, p. 1). The poor health position of Indigenous Australians is a contemporary reflection of their historical treatment as Australia’s traditional owners. This treatment has led to Indigenous Australians experiencing social disadvantages, significantly low socio-economic status, dispossession, poverty and powerlessness as a direct resultRead MoreMajor Health And Mental Health Issues1192 Words   |  5 PagesOutline the major health and mental health issues for Indigenous people in Australia. Has this changed over the last 15 years? What are the challenges for social work practice with Indigenous people in the Australian Context? What facilitates collaboration and efficacy in service provision? Outline how you might approach working with a client facing a specific health issue. Introduction: Indigenous community represent members of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders who existed in AustraliaRead MoreQuestions On Aboriginal Health And Housing1683 Words   |  7 PagesI.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Aim To investigate issues that in relation to the Indigenous Australian 1.2 Parameters To identify two current issues in both health and housing in relation to Indigenous Australians and to analyse the initiatives taken to improve Indigenous health and housing and report the outcomes.There is a word limit for the report which is 1000 words. 1.3 Definition Indigenous people are people who have originated from the land in which they settle before settlement or invasion of othersRead MoreThe Impact Of History And Colonization On First Peoples1126 Words   |  5 Pagesfirst people’s health as a consequential issue to the Australian community and followed by the discussion of various policies that been introduced by the Australian government to fill up health gap between indigenous and non-indigenous Australians. This essay will first analyze the impact of history and colonization on first peoples health and then it demonstrates the how different policy eras has affected to creating first peoples health is important, in turn highlighting how health practitionersRead MoreColonialism and the Indigenous Australians1151 Words   |  5 Pagesthreat to the health of Indigenous Australians. Inherent in colonialism were scientific racisms, institutional racism and structural violence. These factors continues to persist in the fabric of A ustralian society today and limits the life chances of Indigenous Australians. This essay illuminates colonialism as a major contributor to the social marginalisation and low socioeconomic status experienced by indigenous Australian. An analysis of Aboriginal infant mortality rate, a health indicator highlights

Change for You, Not For Others Free Essays

Brooke Collins 11-10-12 Block #1A Draft #1 Change for You, Not For Others Well-known Sci-fi writer, Ray Bradbury, in his novel, Fahrenheit 451, illustrates that relationships reflect who individuals are and who they want to be. Bradbury’s purpose is to promote the idea that a person should have the courage to listen to their own beliefs and thoughts of happiness rather than to blend in with society. He adopts a disoriented and poetic tone in order to appeal to similar feelings and experiences on a non-realistic scale in his young adult readers. We will write a custom essay sample on Change for You, Not For Others or any similar topic only for you Order Now Bradbury uses symbolism to indicate that relationships reflect who individuals are and who they want to be. Fire seems to mean a lot of different things at different moments in Fahrenheit 451. Beatty and his fireman minions use it to destroy. But the woman whose house they burn interprets it another way: â€Å"Play the man, Master Ridley; we shall this day light such a candle, by God’s grace, in England, as I trust shall never be put out. † For her, it represents strength. Montag himself discovers an alternative use for fire at the end of the novel; when he realizes that it can warm instead of destroy. Like that whole cycle of life thing, fire has a constructive and destructive half. And like the books that are burned, each character in the novel is forced to interpret for them and confront contradictory perspectives – just like Beatty said about the books. Symbolism helps view the story from multiple points of view, and also gives a more vivid understanding of the thoughts and feelings of the characters. Bradbury also uses Imagery to illustrate that relationships reflect who people are and who they want to be. There are several references throughout Fahrenheit 451 to essentially yucky animals and insects (that’s the technical term). When Mildred gets her stomach pumped, the machine is like a snake. The earpiece she wears at night is like a praying mantis. The helicopters in the chase scene are described as insects. Even the Mechanical Hound has eight legs, like a spider. Notice a pattern here? These references all have to do with technology – destructive technology that the government uses to control its citizens. It’s basically a perversion of nature and of the natural order, which fits into the larger themes of Fahrenheit 451 (because in this world of destruction without construction, the natural order is off). Imagery gives a clearer description and understanding of most important objects and people in the novel. Ray Bradbury lastly uses allegory to convey that relationships reflect who people are and who they want to be. When the chase draws to a close, Montag ditches his clothes, bathes in the river, and dons Faber’s attire instead. For a man who’s been through three or more identity crises, this is significant. Also you can read Rhetorical Devices in Night Walker by Brent Staples He’s leaving the old Montag behind, cleansing himself of his old identity, and assimilating a new one for the time being (Faber’s). The fact that another man is captured and killed in Montag’s place is a great ancillary to this moment. Almost accounted for as a rebirth, Montag is revived as a new person along with a new life. Allegory is used in this novel to portray a spiritual representation of becoming a new individual as who they want to be. This widely presents that relationships reflect who people are and who they want to be. Bradbury’s novel reveals symbolism, imagery, and allegory while he supports his idea and connects emotionally, physically, and mentally with the reader. He successfully promotes his purpose that a person should have the courage to listen to their own beliefs and thoughts of happiness rather than to blend in with society by using the three devices described earlier. In the end, Bradbury’s style puts the reader through an emotional break through as they realize that relationships reflect who people are and who they want to be. How to cite Change for You, Not For Others, Essay examples

An Analysis of Death In British Literature Essay Example For Students

An Analysis of Death In British Literature Essay Death is inevitable and what happens after death will always be a mystery to the living. For this reason, the afterlife has always been a topic which artists have chosen to explore in their works. Throughout the chronology of British literature, artists have used societys views as a basis to examine the afterlife, and look at it in new ways. The afterlife has been a theme in British Literature from the Anglo-Saxon period of Beowulf to the twentieth century writings of Dylan Thomas. The mysteriousness of the afterlife makes it a topic which artists will always be eager to analyze. During the Anglo-Saxon Period which lasted from 449 AD to 1066 AD, the popular belief of the times was that a persons life was predetermined by Wyrd, the Old English word for fate, and there was nothing which the individual could do to change his destiny. The most famous writing from this epoch is the epic poem Beowulf. Beowulf, the main character, had no fear of the evil monster Grendel because he believed Grendel and I are called/ Together, by fate. He also displayed his faith in the beliefs of society when he told Hrogthgar Fate will unwind as it must. When Grendel died, the soldiers had no semse of sorrow, felt no regret for his sufferings, because they believed Grendel was destined to die, and there was no way to defy destiny. They also did not pity Grendel because they considered him to be entirely evil because it was his fate. The Anglo-Saxons strong belief in fate led to them not fearing death as much as during other times periods in British Literature. Beowulfs strong belief in fate was a reflection in the societys pagan belief in fate. Due to the fact that the society at the time of Beowulf was pagan, they did not believe in the afterlife. The Christian revision to Beowulf illustrated a different outlook on death and the afterlife. When monks were copying the story, they realized it dealt with pagan ideals, and they incorporated Christian ideals into the text. The monks included the concept God was the ultimate one who controls fate. This was shown when Beowulf told Hrogthgar God must decide/ Who will be given to deaths cold grip. The monks also inserted the idea that there is an afterlife. When Grendel died, hell opened up to receive him. They thought the pagan beliefs about death and the afterlife in Beowulf were unacceptable, so they included their Christian views of death and the afterlife into the poem. The societys values greatly influenced the monks revision of the poems. The Seafarer is another Anglo-Saxon poem which deals with the afterlife. The poem was written by Bede, who was a monk, so it contains the Christian views of the afterlife which are very similar to the ones included in the Christian revision to Beowulf. The speaker believed Death leaps at the fools who forgot their God. He who lives humbly has angles from Heaven/ To carry him courage and strength and belief. This showed the belief that God must be worshipped to get to Heaven, and if you do not follow God, like Grendel in Beowulf, you will not go to Heaven. In the poem, the persona expressed that riches can not buy entrance into heaven in the afterlife because, nothing/ Golden shakes the wrath of God/ For a soul overflowing with sin, and nothing/ Hidden on earth rises to Heaven. This poem reflected an Anglo-Saxon monks views of the afterlife, which were centered around his strong faith in Christianity. During the Medieval Period, the Catholic church played a dominant role in society. In England, the churchs abbeys and monasteries were the main centers of learning and the arts before the founding of Oxford and Cambridge universities during the thirteenth century. The church preached that following their faith would led a person to the afterlife. A piece of literature which displayed the belief in the afterlife was Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. The story starts at a Christmas party at Camelot when the Green Knight enters and offers to let a knight hit him with an ax if he can return the blow a year and a day later. Sir Gawain, the most brave knight of the round table, accepted the challenge, and he chopped off the knights head. The Green Kngiht then picked up his head, and rode away. A year and a day later, Gawain went to the Green Knight. He kneeled before the Green Knight, ready to take the blow. However as the Green Knight is about to lower his ax, Gawain pulled his shoulders back, just a bit. The Green Knight noticed this and was shocked. He said, Gawaina? You cant be Gawain, his name/ Is too noble, hes never afraid, nowhere/ On earth and you, you flinch in advance! The Green Knight then swung again, but he only nicked Gawain. Later, the Green Knight and Gawain talked about what happened. The Green Knight told Gawain he was testing him, and that Gawain was very great, but you failed a little, lost good faith/ -Not a beautiful belt, or in lust,/ But for love of your life. Gawain was completely ashamed because he had flinched, and he declared, A curse on cowardice and a curse on greed! / They shatter chivalry, their vice destroys/ Virtue. Gawain considered his fear of death to be a sin. This was because the society believed knights should not be afraid of death because they will be rewarded in the afterlife for having chivalry. Dionysus EssayDuring the Romantic Age, Percy Bysshe Shelley offered another perspective of the afterlife. In Ozymandias, he described a monument which was built to Ozymandias during the 13th century BC. The monument was broken apart, and only its head and legs remained alone in the barren desert. On the base of the statue, was inscribed the words, My name is Ozymandias, king of kings:/ look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair! This statue which was once a symbol of the power of Rameses II is now in complete ruin. The poem shows how pride and glory are only temporary earthly things. It also mentions that we are all equal in death. Round the decay of that colossal wreck, boundless and bare the lone and level sands of time stretch far away. This line means we area all on level sands, when we enter the afterlife and it is time to be judged. According to the poem, glory during life does not mean the person will have the same glory in the afterlife. It doesnt matter how many monuments a person built to attest to his glory, he must face the same judge as the slave sculptor which created the monument. Alfred, Lord Tennyson expressed the idea held by Marvell that death is an enemy which a person should fight. In Ulysses, a Victorian Age poem, Ulysses was past his prime yet he still struggled to the most of his life, and did not wait for death to come for him. He felt Tis not too late to seek a newer world, and he believed Death closes on us all; but something ere the end,/ Some work of noble note, may yet be done. Ulysses believed a person should take advantage of the life they are given, and live life to the fullest. He thought when death was approaching, a person should continue to strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield. The poem expresses the need to look ahead, and continue on with life, even though death may be approaching. Ulysses and To His Coy Mistress both advocated a Carpe Diem philosophy, but in Ulysses, the persona had a belief in the afterlife. He believed that he may reach the Happy Isles which is the place heroes went after death. It is interesting how both encourage Carpe Diem, yet they have contrasting views of the afterlife. The Victorian age poetry of A. E. Housman, brought forth another idea about afterlife. In To An Athlete Dying Young, the poet contradicted the idea in Ozymandias that having glory during life does not mean a person will have glory in the afterlife. Instead, he suggested a person is immortalized the way he is when he dies, and in the afterlife he has the honor and prestige he had during life. Housman told the athlete, silence sounds no worse than cheers/ After earth has stopped the ears:/ Now you will not swell the rout/ Of lads that wore their honors out. The athlete will live his afterlife in glory which he had on earth, and according to this thought, Ozymandias will live in the afterlife as king of kings. In the 20th century, Dylan Thomas offered advice about how to live the time before the afterlife. In Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night, he advised people to rage against the dying of the light. He is telling people to continue to make life meaningful and live it to the fullest before they go into that good night, which symbolized the afterlife. This concept is very similar to the ideas in Ulysses. Both poems suggested that people should struggle to make the most of their lives, and they each expressed a belief in the afterlife. Throughout the chronology of British literature, artists have presented many different perspectives on the afterlife. There are views which I agree with, and there are views which I dont agree with. One of the ones which I support is John Donnes idea of death not being a terrible thing because it leads to the afterlife which is a better place. I support this idea because I have been raised in a rather religious family, and it has been instilled in me that death is not bad, and there is an afterlife to go to. I also agree with the ideas in Ulysses and Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night that one should struggle to make the most out of his life and to make it meaningful. This idea is very appealing to me because I believe a person should always attempt to make the most out of what he/she is given, and it is important to never give up. While I dont agree with the poems which state that there isnt an afterlife, analyzing and thinking about them has been valuable for me because it has forced me to consider my views, and to build up a stronger support of my views to counter the ideas presented in these poems.

Once a Schizophrenic, Always a Schizophrenic free essay sample

There is an estimated 2. 5million Americans diagnosed with schizophrenia (McGuire, 2000). The disease takes many forms but general symptoms of schizophrenia are the hearing of voices, delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and confused thinking. People with schizophrenia become disengaged from society. They are unable to function in the expected roles of student, worker, or spouse. The concept of the disease is generally agreed upon by experts, what differs, however, is the prognosis. Is it possible for those with schizophrenia to recover, can they return to society and live full productive, independent lives? There are two differing views on this subject presented in Patrick A. McGuire’s 2000 article â€Å"New Hope for People with Schizophrenia. According to McGuire there is a movement of psychologists who disagree with the traditional medical model and are now supporting a new recovery philosophy known as psychosocial rehabilitation. The old treatment models viewed patients with schizophrenia as hopeless cases who needed to be stabilized with hospitalization and maintained with medications. We will write a custom essay sample on Once a Schizophrenic, Always a Schizophrenic? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was believed that these people would have schizophrenia for the rest of their lives with no chance of recovery. The traditional medical model defined a â€Å"good outcome† for people with schizophrenia as a total cessation of symptoms with no further hospitalization. This â€Å"good outcome† was obtained with the use of tranquilizers such as Thorazine, which made the management of patients easier, but only hid the disease. Within the older model very little attention was paid to the individual patient and their different needs. The old medical model’s â€Å"one-size-fits-all† approach was to medicate and if the patient did not get well immediately they were â€Å"deemed forever chronic† (McGuire, 2000, p211). The traditional treatment paradigm reports that only about 10 to 20 percent of those with schizophrenia might achieve recovery. In contrast to the medical model of treatment, there is now a new take on how to treat people with schizophrenia. The emphasis is put on the potential for growth in the individual rather than merely the pathological aspect of the disease. The potential is then developed by integrating medical, psychological, and social interventions. Those who embrace the new recovery model define recovery very differently than those who embrace the old medical model. For example, William A. Anthony, PhD, executive director of Boston University’s Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, views recovery as â€Å"the development of new meaning and purpose as one grows beyond the catastrophe of mental illness† (McGuire, 2000 p212). Psychologist Courtenay M. Harding, PhD, a professor of psychiatry at the University of Colorado, defines recovery as â€Å"reconstituted social and work behaviors, no need for meds, no symptoms, no need for compensation† (McGuire, 2000 p212). To obtain these goals psychosocial rehabilitation programs provide patients with work and social skills training, education about their disease and why medications are important, symptom management and therapy for dealing with the trauma of having schizophrenia. Patients are taught how to access resources such as health services and housing, and to regain independent functioning. These programs have shown that as high as 68 percent of patients have recovered and shown significant improvement. Despite ongoing symptoms patients have been able to move on to live fulfilling lives. One such example is Ronald Bassman, PhD, who was diagnosed with schizophrenia as a young man recovered, earned his doctorate and is now involved in patient empowerment programs in the New York State Office of Mental Health. Psychiatrist and researcher Nancy Andreasen cites that a â€Å"self-fulfilling prophecy† contributes to the lack of recovery of many patients. A self-fulfilling prophecy is the process by which one’s expectations about a person eventually lead that person to behave in ways that confirm those expectations. In other words by telling patients with schizophrenia that they have no chance of recovery the patient basically gives in to that idea and makes it true, they don’t recover. This may be one reason for the low percentage of patients who recover or significantly improve with the traditional treatment methods. In the new treatment methods however, patients are given support and confidence that they can overcome their disease and are far more likely to improve. All people deserve to have every opportunity possible to live full lives. Drug addicts, alcoholics, criminals, those with handicaps, and those with diseases or medical conditions are all capable, with the right support system and self motivation, to become independent, fulfilled and productive members of society. They just need to be given a chance and perhaps a helping hand.

Essay on Maladaptive Behavior and Psychopathology

Essay on Maladaptive Behavior and Psychopathology Essay on Maladaptive Behavior and Psychopathology Essay on Maladaptive Behavior and PsychopathologyCase VignetteJoanne is a 26-year-old single African American female of the Pentecostal faith, who recently moved to the Chicago Area to take a job in the publishing business. Joanne is requesting medication because she fills â€Å"unstable†.   The history she describes seems to have begun about four years ago when she was in college, getting As in most of her classes, and having a wide circle of friends. During a particularly stressful period of final exams, she began to feel depressed, had difficulty sleeping and eating, and lost about fifteen pounds.Although she completed her exams satisfactorily, her symptoms continued for about the next two months, and during that time she became more isolated socially. After she graduated, she felt much better, got a job, and felt increasingly energized. She began feeling so energized she didnt seem to need much sleep and would wake up after 3 or 4 hours  feeling wide awake and could pu t in 10 and 11 hour days of work.She would feel her thoughts racing with new ideas and seemed to come up with creative ideas, although she often did not carry through on these, or other people didnt seem to understand them. Although she denies the use of drugs or excessive use of alcohol, she does admit that she was partying and socializing a great deal. She said that at this time she found herself preoccupied with sexual thoughts and found sexual implications in whatever people said to her or what she saw on TV.She was also very talkative and felt euphoric except at those times when she became extremely irritable and cranky towards people. She found herself striking up conversations with complete strangers. She began to feel like she could hear people that actually werent there talking to her, and she began to think that her apartment could be haunted. These voices would sometimes tell her to do things, like line objects up in a certain order, or take a different route home, or sta rt saying certain words aloud. She also felt like she could read other peoples thoughts and was sure they could read hers and that they would answer her thoughts even when she didnt say them out loud. Im sure Ive always been psychic, she said, but it just really took off. I could sense all kinds of things.She said her friends became concerned and took her to an emergency room. She was hospitalized for several days and put on lithium. Most of her symptoms seemed to abate. Although she felt more fatigued and slowed down, her sleeping pattern improved, and her appetite increased. In the course of the move to the Chicago land Area, she had discontinued her use of the medication shed been given- the prescription had run out, and she had lost contact with the prescribing psychiatrist. She has been noticing that she has been having difficulty sleeping, feels jittery, has been getting concerned about what other people are thinking, and is having difficulty focusing on work projects because her thoughts are racing.DiagnosticI would diagnose Joanne with major depressive disorder. To be diagnosed with major depression disorder Joanne must have five of the nine symptoms listed in the DSM-5 present during the same two week period. These systems can last for a week, a month, or several years. It started four years ago while Joanne was in college during a particularly stressful period of final exams. (1) Joanne reported having a major depressive episodes exceeding a two week period, in fact lasting two months, where she has felt depressed. (2) Joanne has reported having insomnia where she will sleep 3 to 4 hours a night and work 10 to 11 hours. (3)Joanne’s appetite changed causing a significant loss of weight, 15 pounds without dieting. (5) Joanne who has many friends but she has become socially isolated.I suspect Joanne to have an Alcohol- Related Disorder.   Although she denies the use of drugs or excessive use of alcohol, she does admit that she parties and socia lizes a great deal.   Joanne’s thoughts raced with new and creative ideas, although she fails to carry through on these ideas. Joanne’s parting has created a physical hazard and interpersonal problems. Joanne finds herself preoccupied with sexual thoughts and sexual implications in whatever people say to her and with what she watches on TV.   There are times when Joanne is very talkative and feels euphoric, and times when she is extremely irritable and cranky towards people. Because Joanne suffers from major depressive disorder and Alcohol-Related Disorder, She finds herself striking up conversations with complete strangers. The alcohol is allowing her to relax and let down her barriers. Joanne reported hearing people that actually werent there talking to her, and she began to think that her apartment could be haunted. The voices that Joanne is hearing are probably due to the severity of the depression.Looking at the diagnostic criteria for Alcohol-Related Disorder s, I’m going to have to change my mind about diagnosing Joanne with alcohol-related disorder, because I don’t see where she has used alcohol to the point where it has become a clinical significant impairment.I still believe Joanne to have Major Depressive Disorder along with Bipolar I Disorder.   In order to diagnose Joanne with bipolar I disorder criteria must be meet for current or past hypomanic episodes plus criteria must be met for major depressive episode. (1) Joanne has lived a normal life and has moved to Chicago to start a career. She is now displaying hypomania, which is consistent of a person with bipolar I disorder. (2) Joanne’s thoughts race with new and creative ideas, although she fails to carry through on these ideas, and other people dont seem to understand them. Joanne flies from one idea to the next.   (3) Joanne is displaying hyperactivity and a (4) decreased need for sleep. She began feeling so energized she didn’t seem to need mu ch sleep and would wake up after 3 or 4 hours  feeling wide awake and could put in 10 and 11 hour days of work.Essay on Maladaptive Behavior and Psychopathology part 2

Content and Function Words in English

Content and Function Words in English Each word in English belongs to one of the eight parts of speech. Each word is also either a content word  or a function word. Lets think about what these two types mean: Content Words vs. Function Words Content information, meaningFunction necessary words for grammar In other words, content words give us the most important information while function words are used to stitch those words together. Content Word Types Content words are usually nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. A noun tells us which object, a verb tells us about the action happening, or the state. Adjectives give us details about objects and people and adverbs tell us how, when or where something is done. Nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs give us important information required for understanding. Noun person, place or thingVerb action, stateAdjective describes an object, person, place or thingAdverb tells us how, where or when something happens Examples: Nouns Verbs house enjoy computer purchase student visit lake understand Peter believe science look forward to Adjectives Adverbs heavy slowly difficult carefully careful sometimes expensive thoughtfully soft often fast suddenly Other Content Words While nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are the most important content words, there are a few other words that are also key to understanding. These include negatives like no, not and never; demonstrative pronouns including this, that, these and those;  and question words like what, where, when, how and why. Function Word Types Function words help us connect important information. Function words are important for understanding, but they add little meaning beyond defining the relationship between two words. Function words include auxiliary verbs, prepositions, articles, conjunctions, and pronouns. Auxiliary verbs are used to establish the tense, prepositions show relationships in time and space, articles show us something that is specific or one of many, and pronouns refer to other nouns. Auxiliary verbs do, be, have (help with conjugation of tense)Prepositions show relationships in time and spaceArticles used to indicate specific or non-specific nounsConjunctions words that connectPronouns refer to other nouns Examples: Auxiliary Verbs Prepositions do in has at will though is over has been between did under    Articles Conjunctions Pronouns a and I an but you the for him so us since ours as she Knowing the difference between content and functions words is important because content words are stressed in conversation in English. Function words are non-stressed. In other words, function words are not emphasized in speech, while content words are highlighted. Knowing the difference between content and function words can help you in understanding, and, most importantly, in pronunciation skills. Exercise Decide which words are function and content words in the following sentences. Mary has lived in England for ten years.Hes going to fly to Chicago next week.I dont understand this chapter of the book.The children will be swimming in the ocean this time next week.John had eaten lunch before his colleague arrived.The best time to study is early in the morning or late in the evening.The trees along the river are beginning to blossom.Our friends called us yesterday and asked if wed like to visit them next month.Youll be happy to know that shes decided to take the position.I wont give away your secret. Check your answers below: Exercise Answers Content words are in bold. Mary has lived in England for ten years.Hes going to fly to Chicago next week.I dont understand this chapter of the book.The children will be swimming in the ocean at five oclock.John had eaten lunch before his colleague arrived.The best time to study is early in the morning or late in the evening.The trees along the river are beginning to blossom.Our friends called us yesterday and asked if wed like to visit them next month.Youll be happy to know that shes decided to take the position.I wont give away your secret.

Communication theory related to a famous song Research Paper

Communication theory related to a famous song - Research Paper Example Songs such as â€Å"Now I’m that Chick† reinforces the complexity of the female psyche and their views on self-identity versus emotions on soured romantic relationships. This song best fits the profile of symbolic interactionism, which is best defined as a direct response that occurs not as a product of their views on another’s personal actions, but on the significance they give to the action itself (uregina.ca, 2000). Under this theory, meaning is created based on the direct social interaction that occurs with others in society and then meaning is further interpreted using various coping strategies or direct emotional outburst; whether negative or positive. Symbolic interactionism describes the various cultural symbols that help to shape both identity and a person’s reaction to various social stimuli (McClelland, 2000) such as the termination or hopeful renewal of what might have been a bad romantic relationship. The social norm for handling this situation might have been reinforced on the individual through various media formats or experience with peer reactions in similar situations and the individual develops their own symbolic meaning about these situations and then applies what they believe to be appropriate action. One line from â€Å"Now I’m that Chick† states, Cause you thought that I was pure as snow, guess you didn’t know, which is a form of self-reinforcement to another party, in this case an old romance, that the individual is emotionally strong and largely defiant. The lyrics seem to point toward the return of an old flame that wants to renew this poor romance and Franc identifies that such a thing would be impossible for her to endure based on the symbolism she attached to the experience. Another line states, Now I’m that Chick, and you’re just a clown, in a further effort to either create her own defense mechanism (a psychological view) or to stab cruelly at the receiver’s